SARS Overhauls Trust Returns: 5 Major Changes
SARS has completely overhauled tax returns for trusts. Although this has been hinted at for a long time, the degree of overhaul is far from expected.
SARS has completely overhauled tax returns for trusts. Although this has been hinted at for a long time, the degree of overhaul is far from expected.
When pursuing international career growth, and offshore employment, be aware that moving your person, without the requisite paperwork, will have you scoring bonuses in Belgium, but still subject to SARS in South Africa. In order to ensure optimal taxation, South Africans abroad must make use of either the Double Tax Agreement or Financial Emigration process […]
With no fanfare or any prior notification, on 24 April 2023, SARS released new enhancements to the Tax Compliance Status (TCS) process, and with immediate effect. These changes will be directly felt by specific taxpayers seeking to transfer funds out of South Africa and will effectively change the ball game for those who have ceased […]
In the weeks following the announcement of SARS’ enhanced Approval of International Transfers (AIT) process Tax Consulting South Africa hosted technical training sessions for several SARS-recognised controlling bodies. To date, this has included the South African Institute of Taxation, the Financial Planning Institute of Southern Africa, and the South African Institute of Professional Accountants.
On 10 March 2023, new dispute resolution rules were published in terms of the delivery of any document, notice or request made in respect of the SARS dispute resolution process. The new rule states that the delivery “must be made… to the taxpayer’s electronic filing page through www.sarsefiling.co.za”. This aligns with SARS’ strategic objectives of […]
With the Covid-19 pandemic largely in the rear-view mirror, tens of thousands of South Africans are seizing lucrative employment opportunities abroad. At the same time, many of these expatriates are unaware that their hard-earned income is at risk of double taxation.
Following years of litigation dating as far back as 2017, the High Court has confirmed that SARS is well within its right to increase, at appeal stage, the tax liability it has claimed in an additional assessment; without having to issue a new assessment first.
The Henley & Partners, in collaboration with Tax Consulting South Africa, hosted their annual roadshow in May 2023 on the topic of ‘Investment Migration Is More Than Just a Plan B.’. This again highlights the reasons why South Africans are considering getting a second passport.
The market saw mixed reactions following the implementation of the enhanced Approval of International Transfers (AIT) process on 24 April 2023.
SARS has made it easier to clamp down on individuals it deems as “sophisticated taxpayers”, specifically those with the ability “to apply for more than the yearly R1 million single discretionary allowance”. This is per the SARS media statement on 3 May 2023, and is one of the reasons given for the new Approval for […]
Controlled Foreign Companies –
South African Tax Considerations
Controlled Foreign Companies – South African Tax Considerations
South Africa’s tax system includes a Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) regime designed to address the taxation of income earned by foreign companies owned by South African tax residents.
Where a South African tax resident holds or controls a foreign company, they may be subject to income tax in South Africa on the CFC’s foreign income, even if that income has not yet been distributed. This is an anti-avoidance measure to prevent South African tax residents from utilising foreign companies in the avoidance of South African tax.
What is a Controlled Foreign Company?
A CFC is broadly defined in section 9D of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962, as any foreign company where more than 50% of the total participation rights or voting rights are directly or indirectly held or exercisable by one or more South African tax residents.
Where this threshold is met, and unless a specific exemption applies, the net income of the CFC must be included in the income of the South African resident(s) in proportion to their participation rights, and taxed accordingly.
Taxpayers who fail to accurately account for a CFC’s income risk audit or reassessment by SARS, especially in light of increased global transparency and data sharing through mechanisms such as the Common Reporting Standard.
Key Features of the CFC Regime
Place of Effective Management and Corporate Tax Residency in South Africa
South Africa follows a residence-based system of taxation, meaning that resident companies are subject to tax on their worldwide income.
In terms of section 1 of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962 (the Act), a company is regarded as a South African tax resident if it is either:
unless a double tax agreement (DTA) provides otherwise.
The concept of POEM is central to determining a company’s tax residency, particularly where cross-border structures are involved. It affects both foreign companies with South African involvement and South African-incorporated entities that may be managed from abroad.
What is Place of Effective Management?
Although not defined in the Act, POEM has been interpreted through South African case law, SARS guidance, and international commentary, particularly the OECD Model Tax Convention and Commentary thereto.
Broadly, POEM refers to the location where key management and commercial decisions necessary for the conduct of the entity’s overall business are made, in substance and not merely in form.
The determination of POEM is a factual enquiry, and is not limited to formalities such as the registered office, place of incorporation, or location of board meetings. Instead, it focuses on:
Application in Cross-Border Contexts
POEM plays a critical role in determining corporate tax residency in both inbound and outbound scenarios:
Both scenarios must be carefully evaluated in light of South African domestic law and any applicable DTA.
Interaction with Double Tax Agreements
Where a company is regarded as resident in both South Africa and another jurisdiction, the relevant DTA will typically contain a tie-breaker clause to resolve the conflict.
Most of South Africa’s DTAs allocate tax residency to the country where the company’s POEM is located. However, some newer treaties apply a Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP), requiring the tax authorities of both states to determine residence based on additional factors.
Correct DTA application is essential to avoid dual residency exposure and to obtain treaty relief on dividends, interest, royalties, and other income.
Practical Implications for Companies
Incorrect or dual tax residency status can expose a company to:
Permanent Establishment – Tax Exposure in Cross-Border Contexts
As businesses expand across borders, one of the key tax risks they face is the inadvertent creation of a permanent establishment (PE) in a foreign jurisdiction. A PE may trigger foreign income tax exposure for a company even in the absence of incorporation or tax residency in that jurisdiction.
South African companies with offshore activities, or foreign companies with South African operations, must be aware of the PE concept, how it arises, and how it interacts with applicable Double Tax Agreements (DTAs).
What Is a Permanent Establishment?
A PE is generally defined in a DTA as a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. Common examples include:
South Africa’s DTAs typically follow the OECD Model Tax Convention, and many incorporate updated provisions from the Multilateral Instrument (MLI), which narrows common avoidance strategies and expands the scope of PE risk.
Inbound vs Outbound Permanent Establishment Risk
Even short-term or project-based activities can give rise to PE risks if not carefully managed and monitored.
Consequences of a Permanent Establishment Finding
If a PE is found to exist:
Non-compliance can result in penalties, double taxation, and reputational harm.
In a connected world, even limited physical or digital presence in a foreign country can create tax exposure. Managing PE risk is essential for international tax compliance and operational efficiency.
Controlled Foreign Companies –
South African Tax Considerations
South Africa’s tax system includes a Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) regime designed to address the taxation of income earned by foreign companies owned by South African tax residents.
Where a South African tax resident holds or controls a foreign company, they may be subject to income tax in South Africa on the CFC’s foreign income, even if that income has not yet been distributed. This is an anti-avoidance measure to prevent South African tax residents from utilising foreign companies in the avoidance of South African tax.
What is a Controlled Foreign Company?
A CFC is broadly defined in section 9D of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962, as any foreign company where more than 50% of the total participation rights or voting rights are directly or indirectly held or exercisable by one or more South African tax residents.
Where this threshold is met, and unless a specific exemption applies, the net income of the CFC must be included in the income of the South African resident(s) in proportion to their participation rights, and taxed accordingly.
Taxpayers who fail to accurately account for a CFC’s income risk audit or reassessment by SARS, especially in light of increased global transparency and data sharing through mechanisms such as the Common Reporting Standard.
Key Features of the CFC Regime
